- High information quality: AI Overview responses were consistently rated “good” or better, with strong reliability and clarity scores.
- Readable for clinicians, not patients: Average reading age was 16.5 years, exceeding recommended 11–13 years for patient materials.
- Strength in transparency of uncertainty: Responses consistently addressed limitations or unknowns (top DISCERN score).
- Weakness in currency: Lower scores reflected lack of clear timestamps or recency indicators.
- Use as adjunct, not replacement: AI may support patient education but cannot replace surgeon-patient discussions, especially for complex procedures like fibula free flap reconstruction.
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