Multiple organ failure is a complex, life-threatening syndrome characterized by dysfunction of two or more organ systems, typically triggered by severe insults such as trauma, sepsis, or major surgery. It is driven by dysregulated inflammatory, immune, and microvascular processes that lead to widespread tissue injury and organ dysfunction, often progressing to chronic critical illness with poor long-term outcomes. Effective management depends on early recognition, treatment of the underlying cause, and comprehensive supportive care, though morbidity and mortality remain high despite advances in critical care.