- Abnormal anti-C1q levels were detected in 7.9% of 15,363 tested adults.
- Highest elevations occurred in SLE without severe complications (22.7%) and lupus nephritis (29.9%).
- Lupus hematologic and encephalopathic manifestations showed 71.4% and 50% abnormal rates.
- Anti-C1q positivity extended to autoimmune cirrhosis, systemic sclerosis, and Sjögren syndrome.
- Crude data showed higher abnormal rates in females, but adjustment reversed this due to case-mix confounding.
- Younger age and male sex independently predicted abnormal anti-C1q levels after full adjustment.
- Anti-C1q testing may aid risk stratification and early detection in severe autoimmune phenotypes, especially lupus nephritis.
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