- The study identified 21 disorder-specific urinary biomarkers, mainly for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, suggesting potential for differential diagnosis.
- Tyrosine (schizophrenia) and creatine (bipolar disorder) emerged as the most robust biomarker candidates due to consistent findings across multiple studies.
- Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia shared many overlapping metabolite signatures, especially involving N-acetylated compounds, supporting shared biological mechanisms.
- The findings support the future development of non-invasive urine-based diagnostic tests for psychiatric disorders, although independent validation studies are still needed.
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