This review summarized recent advances in minimally invasive surgical management of upper urinary tract stones, highlighting the evolving roles of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy, and flexible ureteroscopy with lithotripsy. Innovations such as miniaturized percutaneous nephrolithotomy and flexible ureteroscopy with intelligent pressure control and negative-pressure suction systems were associated with improved stone-free rates, reduced complications, and expanded indications, supporting more individualized, evidence-based treatment selection.

Source: Research and Reports in Urology