A large US retrospective cohort study published in JAMA Oncology found that males aged 9 to 26 who received at least one dose of the 9-valent HPV vaccine had a 46% lower risk of HPV-related cancers compared with unvaccinated peers (HR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.37–0.81) after propensity score matching across more than 510,000 participants per group. The benefit was consistent across both younger (9–14 years) and older (15–26 years) age groups, and sensitivity analyses using different follow-up periods and earlier vaccine formulations produced similar results. Because of low event counts, findings were driven primarily by head and neck cancer outcomes.