- Bladder fungal balls are rare but should be suspected in diabetic or immunocompromised patients with urinary symptoms and atypical imaging findings.
- CT features—irregular, mixed-density intravesical nodules with intraluminal gas—are characteristic and help differentiate from fistula, clots, or tumors.
- Candida species (e.g., C. tropicalis) are common causative organisms, confirmed via urine culture or pathology.
- Antifungal therapy alone is frequently inadequate for large fungal balls; mechanical removal (e.g., cystoscopy) is often necessary.
- Early recognition and combined medical–procedural management are critical to prevent progression to severe obstruction.
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