- PMD and psychiatric disorders were linked in both directions, with roughly a 2-fold increased risk either before or after diagnosis.
- The strongest associations were with depression, anxiety, ADHD, bipolar disorder, and personality disorders.
- No meaningful association was found between PMD and schizophrenia.
- Associations remained significant in sibling analyses, suggesting shared genetic or familial mechanisms may contribute but do not fully explain the link.
- Researchers emphasized the importance of sex-specific and menstrual cycle–informed approaches in psychiatric assessment and treatment.
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