- Up to 94% of survey participants in online health research were excluded due to fraudulent responses.
- Fraud detection methods included survey completion time analysis, non-conforming responses, geographical incongruity, and temporal anomalies.
- Higher incentives were linked to increased fraudulent responses.
- Mitigation strategies included CAPTCHA systems, manual verification, and unique URL checks.
- The need for a multifaceted approach to enhance data integrity was highlighted.
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