- Bereavement was associated with increased CVD risk regardless of relationship type or study period
- The strongest pandemic-period association was observed following partner loss; formal interaction testing was statistically significant only for partner loss
- Elevated risk was most pronounced during the acute post-loss period, particularly within 7 days following bereavement
- Bereavement due to COVID-19–related death, especially partner or child loss, was associated with some of the highest observed CVD risks
- Associations varied by age: risk increased with age following partner or parent loss but decreased with age following child or sibling loss
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