Physicians, despite earning some of the highest salaries in the US, face over $200,000 in average medical school debt, with lifetime pay gaps exceeding $2 million for parent physicians.

Physician compensation remains a central concern in health care, influenced by educational debt, specialty-specific variations, and evolving employer policies. According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), physicians and surgeons consistently rank among the highest-earning professionals, with median annual wages exceeding $200,000 in 2023. However, disparities persist across specialties, settings, and geographic locations, with compensation in procedural fields such as anesthesiology and surgery outpacing non-procedural specialties such as family medicine.

Medical school graduates face an average debt of over $200,000, according to a study in PLOS ONE. This financial burden is compounded during residency, where salaries often fall below six figures, delaying economic stability. The authors in the PLOS ONE study also note rising costs of medical education have prompted concerns about a potential "bubble and crash" scenario, where the growing debt-to-income ratio could deter students from pursuing medical careers, exacerbating physician shortages. 

Additional income streams, such as social media endorsements, have been highlighted in a JAMA study. These endorsements, often promoting pharmaceutical products or medical devices, introduce ethical concerns, particularly regarding transparency and conflicts of interest. Clear disclosure of financial relationships is essential to maintaining trust in the profession.

Employer-driven changes to compensation models further complicate financial planning for physicians. At Yale New Haven Health, adjustments tying compensation to productivity metrics elicited concerns about reduced base salaries and increased work-related pressures, with similar adjustments made at Stanford University and Johns Hopkins University.

“Though people are complying with the new system … there is a degree of anxiety because people don’t know exactly how it’s going to affect their compensation and the workload,” a doctor who wished to remain anonymous said in a recent article published by Yale Daily News. Parent physicians, particularly women, face a lifetime pay gap of over $2 million compared to their peers, reflecting financial disparities in the profession. 

The American Medical Association emphasized the importance of comprehensive evaluation when selecting employers. While salary remains a key consideration, along with potential signing bonuses for managing and repaying loans, physicians also are encouraged to evaluate benefits.

“The way that it works out after the loan repayment … basically all of my loans will be paid,” Samantha Benz, MD, said. While income-driven repayment plans offer some relief, the cumulative effect of debt can extend well into mid-career, impacting long-term earning potential. A couple of loan forgiveness programs have been shared by the American Medical Association to address the financial challenges faced by physicians.