Patients with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis showed reduced salivary hypotaurine and distinct oral microbiome shifts marked by fewer Streptococcus and Actinomyces species and higher levels of Gram-negative bacteria such as Prevotella and Fusobacterium nucleatum, suggesting disrupted oral microbial–metabolite interactions that may inform future biomarker research.

Source: npj biofilms and microbioms