- Biologic therapy was consistently associated with reduced risk of ocular surface and corneal inflammation, particularly dry eye disease, conjunctivitis, and keratitis.
- Protective associations appeared early (by 6 months) and persisted across long-term follow-up of up to 10 years.
- Reductions in glaucoma and cataract were observed but were less consistent than those for ocular surface diseases.
- No consistent protective association was found for retinal or vitreous diseases, with results often approaching no difference over time.
- Findings are observational and may be influenced by residual confounding, coding limitations, and unmeasured factors such as disease severity and treatment adherence.
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