An economic analysis of the Reducing Antibiotic Treatment Duration for Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia trial suggests that an individualized short-course antibiotic treatment strategy is likely cost-effective across different income settings. The study multicenter, open-label, randomized phase IV trial was conducted in Nepal, Singapore, and Thailand, and compared the individualized approach to usual care in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia. The results indicated that the individualized strategy is noninferior to standard care for the 60-day composite endpoint of death or pneumonia recurrence and may benefit health-care systems in diverse resource settings.