The storied evolution of operating microscopes for intraocular surgery includes more than a century of landmark developments. Early advancements include the integration of stereo visualization by Zeiss Corporation in the 1890s, the first use of a binocular microscope for ophthalmic surgery in the 1940s, and gradual refinement in the 2000s with myriad innovations in optics, depth, and ease of use. These developments culminated in the more recent introduction of 3-dimensional (3D) visualization.

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