1. There are significant disparities in access to specialized ophthalmic care between urban and rural populations.
2. Demographics of subspecialist surgeons in the United States: 72.6% male and 26.8% female.
   
   The South had the highest concentration of subspecialist surgeons, while the Midwest and Northeast exhibited the lowest densities for cornea, glaucoma, and retina subspecialties. Female and recent graduate surgeons were less likely to practice rurally, though glaucoma surgeons were more likely to practice in rural areas.
   
   Rural representation varied by subspecialty:
   cornea - 4.3%
   glaucoma - 7.5%
   oculoplastic - 6.9%
   retina - 4.9%
   strabismus - 4.2%
3. Rural areas have limited access to ophthalmic care, which often leads to negative outcomes such as increased prevalence of visual impairment, diabetic retinopathy, and macular degeneration.
4. Understanding the demographics of subspecialist surgeons who choose to practice in rural areas may help to develop incentives for rural practice. 

Source: JAMA Ophthamology