- Both low and high breakfast energy intake, as well as poor breakfast quality, were associated with adverse cardiometabolic outcomes in older adults with metabolic syndrome.
- Low energy intake was linked to increased body mass index and waist circumference.
- High energy intake demonstrated even greater differences in BMI and waist circumference.
- The study examined breakfast quality using the Meal Balance Index, comprising nine nutrients.
- The mean daily energy intake was 1,630 ± 300 kcal.
- No correlation was found between the percentage of energy consumed at breakfast and breakfast quality.
- HDL cholesterol levels showed statistically significant differences for both energy intake and quality groups.
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